Vlaamse Vereniging voor Entomologie

Butterflies of Albania
Fluturat e Shqipërisë
Sylvain Cuvelier, Anila Paparisto & Laurian Parmentier

Edited by Sylvain Cuvelier

Flemish Entomological Society
VVE Workgroup Butterflies

&
Tirana University
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology

Acknowledgements		General Chapters

SYNOPSIS

CONTENT

GENERAL CHAPTERS

1. Benelux
state of the butterfly fauna – existing landscapes

2. Names of the butterflies
history – changes – chosen principle

3. Species, subspecies, form
difference and likeness – practical manageability

4. Construction and function
caterpillar and butterfly – growth and reproduction

5. Behaviour of the butterfly
landmarks – congener – courtship

6. Development, capacity, limitation
differences – growth and warmth – limitation and thresholds

7. Continuous changing environment
adaptations – surviving unpredictability – hereditary changes

8. Behaviour over time
seven traits involved in adjusting the life cycle

9. Behaviour in space
four traits involved in making use of space, exercise in use GPS-receiver

10. Defence against threats
defence against biotic stress, mimicry, myrmecophily – defy physical stress

11. Search for food
butterfly and larva – specialists and grass eaters

12. Ecological profile
selecting data – arrangement frame – application

13. Phenogram
diagram of average period of appearance

14. Climate matrix
construction climate diagram, heat-sum and climate window, application

15. Habitat characteristics
landscapes – parts of landscape – habitat – space and species

16. Family traits
skippers – swallowtails – whites and yellows – metalmarks – blues, coppers, hairstreaks – brush-footed butterflies

MONOGRAPHS
References to vernacular names:
English: Tolman T & Lewington R (1997). Butterflies of Britain & Europe. Collins field guide.
Dutch: Bink F (2013). Dagvlinders in de Benelux. Home publication, Bennekom.
French: Lafranchis T, Jutzeler D, Guillosson J-Y, Kan P & B (2015). La Vie des Papillons. Diatheo.

Hesperiidae	Dikkopjes	Skippers	Hespéries
1. Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808)	Zwartsprietdikkopje	Essex skipper	l’Hespérie du dactyle
2. Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761)	Geelsprietdikkopje	Small skipper	l’Hespérie de la houque
3. Thymelicus acteon (Rottemburg, 1775)	Dwergdikkopje	Lulworth skipper	l'Hespérie du chiendent
4. Hesperia comma (Linnaeus, 1758)	Kommadikkopje	Silver-spotted skipper	le Comma
5. Ochlodes sylvanus (Esper, 1777)	Groot dikkopje	Large skipper	la Sylvaine
6. Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas, 1771)	Spiegeldikkopje	Large chequered skipper	le Miroir
7. Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas,1771)	Bont dikkopje	Chequered skipper	l'Hespérie échiquier
8. Erynnis tages (Linnaeus 1758)	Bruin dikkopje	Dingy skipper	le Point-de-Hongrie
9. Carcharodus alceae (Esper, 1780)	Kaasjeskruiddikkopje	Mallow skipper	l'Hespérie de l'alcée
10. Spialia sertorius Hoffmannsegg, 1804)	Pimperneldikkopje	Red Underwing skipper	l'Hespérie des sanguisorbes
11. Pyrgus alveus (Hübner, 1803)	Grote puzzeldikkop	Large grizzled skipper	Le Plain-chant
12. Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758)	Aardbeidikkopje	Grizzled skipper	l'Hespérie de la mauve
13. Pyrgus serratulae (Rambur, 1839)	Groen dikkopje	Olive skipper	l’Hesperie de l’alchémille
14. Pyrgus armoricanus (Oberthür, 1910)	Oogvlekdikkopje	Oberthür’s grizzeld skipper	l’Hespérie des potentilles

Papilionidae	Grote pages	Swallowtails	Apollons, Porte-Queues
15. Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus ,1758)	Apollovlinder	Apollo	l'Apollon
16. Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758)	Koningspage	Scarce swallowtail	le Flambé
17. Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758	Koninginnepage	Swallowtail	le Machaon

Pieridae	Witjes en geeltjes	Whites and Yellows	Piérides
18. Leptidea sinapis s.l. (Linnaeus, 1758)	Boswitje	Wood white	la Piéride de la moutarde
19. Colias palaeno (Linnaeus, 1761)	Rijsbesbesvlinder	Moorland clouded yellow	le Solitaire
20. Colias crocea (Fourcroy, 1785)	Oranje luzernevlinder	Clouded yellow	le Souci
21. Colias hyale (Linnaeus, 1758)	Gele luzernevlinder	Pale clouded yellow	le Soufré
22. Colias alfacariensis Ribbe, 1905	Valse luzernevlinder	Berger’s clouded yellow	le Fluoré
23. Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus, 1758)	Citroenvlinder	Brimstone	le Citron
24. Anthocharis cardamines (Linnaeus, 1758)	Oranjetip	Orange tip	l’Aurore
25. Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758)	Groot geaderd witje	Black-veined white	le Gazé
26. Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758)	Groot koolwitje	Large white	la Piéride du chou
27. Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)	Klein koolwitje	Small white	la Piéride de la rave
28. Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758)	Klein geaderd witje	Green-veined white	la Piéride du navet
29. Pontia daplidice s.l. (Linnaeus, 1758)	Resedawitje	Bath white	le Marbré-de-vert

Riodinidae	Prachtvlinders	Metal marks	Riodinidae
30. Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758)	Sleutelbloemvlinder	Duke of Burgundy fritillary	la Lucine

Lycaenidae	Blauwtjes, Vuurvlinders, Kleine pages	Blues, Coppers, Hairstreaks	Thècles, Cuivrés, Azurés
31. Lycaena helle (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Blauwe vuurvlinder	Violet copper	le Cuivré de la bistorte
32. Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761)	Kleine vuurvlinder	Small copper	le Cuivré commun
33. Lycaena dispar (Haworth, 1803)	Grote vuurvlinder	Large copper	le Cuivré des marais
34. Lycaena virgaureae (Linnaeus, 1758)	Morgenrood	Scarce copper	le Cuivré de la verge d’or
35. Lycaena tityrus (Poda, 1761)	Bruine vuurvlinder	Sooty copper	le Cuivré fuligineux
36. Lycaena hippothoe (Linnaeus, 1761)	Rode vuurvlinder	Purple-edged copper	le Cuivré écarlate
37. Thecla betulae (Linnaeus, 1758)	Sleedoornpage	Brown hairstreak	la Thècle du bouleau
38. Favonius quercus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Eikenpage	Purple hairstreak	la Thècle Thécla du chêne
39. Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus, 1758)	Groentje	Green hairstreak	l’Argus vert
40. Satyrium w-album (Knoch, 1782)	Iepenpage	White-letter hairstreak	la Thècle de l’orme
41. Satyrium pruni (Linnaeus, 1758)	Pruimenpage	Black hairstreak	la Thècle du prunier
42. Satyrium spini (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Wegedoornpage	Blue-spot hairstreak	la Thècle des nerpruns
43. Satyrium acaciae (Fabricius, 1787)	Kleine sleedoornpage	Sloe hairstreak	la Thècle de l’amarel
44. Satyrium ilicis (Esper, 1779)	Bruine eikenpage	Ilex hairstreak	la Thècle de l’yeuse
45. Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)	Tijgerblauwtje	Long-tailed blue	l’Azuré porte-queue
46. Cacyreus marshalli (Butler 1897)	Geraniumblauwtje	Geranium bronze	le Brun des pélargoniums
47. Cupido minimus (Fuessly, 1775)	Dwergblauwtje	Small blue	l’Argus frêle
48. Cupido argiades (Pallas, 1771)	Staartblauwtje	Short-tailed blue	l’Azuré du trèfle
49. Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Boomblauwtje	Holly blue	l’Azuré des nerpruns
50. Glaucospyche alexis (Poda, 1761)	Bloemenblauwtje	Green-underside blue	l’Azuré des cytises
51. Maculinea alcon (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Bentiaanblauwtje	Alcon blue	l’Azuré de la croisette
52. Maculinea arion (Linnaeus, 1758)	Tijmblauwtje	Large blue	l’Azuré du serpolet
53. Maculinea teleius (Bergsträsser, 1779)	Pimpernelblauwtje	Scarce large blue	l’Azuré de la sanguisorbe
54. Maculinea nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779)	Donker pimpernelblauwtje	Dusky large blue	l’Azuré des paluds
55. Plebejus argus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Heideblauwtje	Silver-studded blue	le Petit Argus
56. Plebejus idas (Linnaeus 1761)	Vals heideblauwtje	Idas blue	le Moyen Argus
57. Plebejus argyrognomon (Bergsträsser, 1779)	Kroonkruidblauwtje	Reverdin’s blue	l’Azuré des coronilles
58. Plebejus optilete (Knoch, 1781)	Veenbesblauwtje	Cranberry blue	l’Azuré de la canneberge
59. Aricia agestis (Schiffermüller, 1757)	Bruin blauwtje	Brown argus	le Colier de corail
60. Polyommatus damon (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Witstreepblauwtje	Damon blue	le Sablé du sainfoin
61. Polommatus semiargus (Rottemburg, 1775)	Klaverblauwtje	Mazarine blue	le Demi-Argus
62. Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)	Icarusblauwtje	Common blue	l’Azuré commun
63. Polyommatus coridon (Poda, 1761)	Bleek blauwtje	Chalkhill blue	le Bleu-nacré
64. Polyommatus dorylas (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Turkooisblauwtje	Turquoise blue	l’Azuré du méliot
65. Polyommatus thersites (Cantener, 1834)	Esparcetteblauwtje	Chapman’s blue	l’Azuré de Chapman
66. Polyommatus bellargus (Rottemburg, 1775)	Adonisblauwtje	Adonis blue	l’Azuré blue céleste
67. Pseudophilotes baton (Bergsträsser, 1779)	Klein tijmblauwtje	Baton blue	l’Azuré du thym

Nymphalidae	Poetspootvlinders	Brush-footed butterflies	Nymphalidés
68. Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Monarchvlinder	Monarch	le Monarque
69. Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758)	Bont zandoogje	Speckled wood	le Tircis
70. Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1758)	Argusvlinder	Wall brown	la Mégère (♀), le Satyre (♂)
71. Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus 1758)	Grote argusvlinder	Large Wall brown	l’Ariane (♀), le Némusien (♂)
72. Lopinga achine (Scopoli, 1763)	Boszandoog	Woodland brown	la Bacchante
73. Coenonympha tullia (Müller, 1764)	Veenhooibeestje	Large heath	le Fadet des tourbières
74. Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus, 1761)	Tweekleurig hooibeestje	Pearly heath	le Céphale
75. Coenonympha hero (Linnaeus, 1761)	Zilverstreephooibeestje	Scarce heath	le Mélibée
76. Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Hooibeestje	Small heath	le Procris
77. Coenonympha glycerion (Borkhausen, 1788)	Roodstreephooibeestje	Chestnut heath	le Fadet de la mélique
78. Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1771)	Oranje zandoogje	Gate keeper	l’Amaryllis
79. Aphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Koevinkje	Ringlet	le Tristan
80. Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758)	Bruin zandoogje	Meadow brown	le Myrtil
81. Erebia ligea (Linnaeus, 1758)	Boserebia	Arran brown	le Moiré blanc-fascié
82. Erebia aethiops (Esper, 1777)	Zomererebia	Scotch argus	le Moiré sylvicole
83. Erebia medusa (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Voorjaarserebia	Woodland ringlet	le Moiré franconien
84. Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758)	Dambordje	Marbled white	le Demi-deuil
85. Hipparchia fagi (Scopoli, 1763)	Grote boswachter	Woodland grayling	le Sylvandre
86. Hipparchia semele (Linnaeus, 1758)	Heidevlinder	Grayling	l’Agreste
87. Hipparchia statilinus (Hufnagel, 1766)	Kleine heidevlinder	Tree grayling	le Faune
88. Arethusana arethusa (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Steppevlinder	False grayling	le Mercure
89. Apatura ilia (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Kleine weerschijnvlinder	Lesser purple emperor	le Petit Mars changeant
90. Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758)	Grote weerschijnvlinder	Purple emperor	le Grand Mars changeant
91. Limenitis populi (Linnaeus, 1758)	Grote ijsvogelvlinder	Popular admiral	le Grand Sylvain
92. Limenitis camilla (Linnaeus, 1764)	Kleine ijsvogelvlinder	White admiral	le Petit Sylvain
93. Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758)	Atalanta	Red admiral	le Vulcain
94. Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)	Distelvlinder	Painted lady	la Belle Dame
95. Aglais io (Linnaeus, 1758)	Dagpauwoog	Peacock	le Paon du jour
96. Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758)	Kleine vos	Small tortoiseshell	la Petite Tortue
97. Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758)	Gehakkelde aurelia	Comma butterfly	le Robert-le-diable
98. Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus 1758)	Grote vos	Large tortoiseshell	la Grande Tortue
99. Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)	Rouwmantel	Camberwell beauty	le Morio
100. Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758)	Landkaartje	Map butterfly	la Carte géographique
101. Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775)	Moerasmelitea	Marsh fritillary	le Damier de la succise
102. Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus, 1758)	Roodbonte melitea	Scarce fritillary	le Damier du frêne
103. Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758)	Veldmelitea	Glanville fritillary	la Melitée du plantain
104. Melitaea phoebe (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Grote veldmelitea	Knapweed fritillary	la Melitée des centaurées
105. Melitaea didyma (Esper, 1778)	Rode melitea	Spotted fritillary	la Melitée orangée
106. Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789)	Donkere melitea	False heath fritillary	la Melitée noirâtre
107. Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg, 1775)	Bosmelitea	Heath fritillary	la Melitée des mélampyres
108. Melitaea aurelia (Nickerl, 1850)	Steppemelitea	Nickerl’s fritillary	la Melitée de Nickerl
109. Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758)	Keizersmantel	Silver-washed fritillary	le Tabac d’Espagne
110. Argynnis aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758)	Grote parelmoervlinder	Dark green fritillary	le Grand Nacré
111. Argynnis adippe (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Bosrandparelmoervlinder	High brown fritillary	le Moyen Nacré
112. Argynnis niobe (Linnaeus, 1758)	Duinparelmoervlinder	Niobe fritillary	le Chiffre
113. Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758)	Kleine parelmoervlinder	Queen of Spain fritillary	le Petit Nacré
114. Brenthis daphne (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Braamparelmoervlinder	Marbled fritillary	le Nacré de la ronce
115. Brenthis ino (Rottemburg, 1775)	Spireaparelmoervlinder	Lesser marbled fritillary	le Nacré de la sanguisorbe
116. Boloria eunomia (Esper, 1800)	Ringoogparelmoervlinder	Bog fritillary	le Nacré de la bistorte
117. Boloria euphrosyne (Linnaeus, 1758)	Zilvervlek	Pearl-bordered fritillary	le Grand Collier argenté
118. Boloria selene (Schiffermüller, 1775)	Zilveren maan	Small pearl-bordered fritillary	le Petit Collier argenté
119. Boloria dia (Linnaeus, 1767)	Paarse perelmoervlinder	Weaver’s fritillary	la Petite Violette
120. Boloria aquilonaris (Stichel, 1908)	Veenbesparelmoervlinder	Cranberry fritillary	le Nacré de la canneberge

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Sites of collection and observation (annex chapter 1)
Appendix 2. Common grasses (annex chapter 11)
Appendix 3. Matrix heat-sum in degree-days (annex chapter 14)
Appendix 4. Matrix climate window in days per year (annex chapter 14)
Appendix 5. Matrix round off figures of heat-sum and climate window (annex chapter 14)
Appendix 6. Codes of selected vegetation units (annex chapter 15)

ADDITIONS

1. Glossary
2. Symbols

SOURCES

INDEX

Acknowledgements		General Chapters

Contact: Sylvain Cuvelier